Other official providers reporting at the aggregate level to the OECD
Introduction
Bulgaria has been a development co-operation provider since joining the European Union (EU) in 2007. Two objectives shape Bulgaria’s vision of development co-operation: 1) its multilateral commitments to assist developing countries and promote sustainable development globally; and 2) its regional commitment to contribute to the development of transition countries in its neighbourhood, including through sharing its own experience. Bulgaria’s total official development assistance (ODA) was USD 232.2 million (preliminary data) in 2022, representing 0.27% of gross national income (GNI). Increases in ODA were mainly driven by an increase in bilateral grants and in-donor refugee costs.
Find the methodological notes behind the profile here.
Policy
The overarching policy framework for Bulgaria’s development co-operation is determined by its national priorities, as well as its obligations under fundamental EU instruments and its commitments to the 2030 Agenda. In addition, Decree No. 234/2011 on Bulgaria’s policy on participating in international development co-operation defines the goals, principles, mechanisms and institutional framework of development co-operation and humanitarian aid. It also provides guidelines for planning, implementing, monitoring, evaluating and auditing Bulgaria’s development co-operation. Bulgaria develops medium-term programmes for its development co-operation and humanitarian aid detailing priorities, financial allocations and expected outcomes.
Most of Bulgaria’s development co-operation goes through multilateral channels, with a specific focus on education, health, environmental protection and the protection of cultural diversity. Special attention is also paid to thematic priorities, including support for democratic and responsible institutions, protecting human rights, migration, and development. The Mid-term Programme 2020-2024 acknowledges the need for Bulgarian development assistance and humanitarian aid to prioritise activities related to mitigating the health, economic and social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and expands the range of beneficiaries with additional countries from North Africa (Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia) and sub-Saharan Africa (Angola, Ethiopia, Namibia, Nigeria). In 2022, the Bulgarian development co-operation and humanitarian aid policy continued to be affected by the COVID-19 crisis, which was further exacerbated by Russia's war of aggression on Ukraine due to the need to increase humanitarian assistance to Ukraine.
Bulgaria is a Development Assistance Committee (DAC) participant and an Adherent to the OECD Recommendation of the Council for Development Co-operation Actors on Managing the Risk of Corruption and the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas. Learn more about DAC recommendations.
ODA allocation overview
Bulgaria provided USD 232.2 million (preliminary data) of ODA in 2022 (USD 240.4 million in constant terms), representing 0.27% of GNI.1 This was an increase of 163.6% in real terms in volume and an increase in share of GNI from 2021, which is in line with the positive trend of increasing ODA volume over the past ten years. Bulgaria is not in line with its European-level commitment of 0.33% ODA/GNI and collective commitment of 0.7% ODA/GNI ratio by 2030. Bulgaria provided all of its ODA as grants in 2021. Total ODA on a grant-equivalent basis has the same value as net ODA under the cash-flow methodology used in the past, as Bulgaria provides only grants.2
Bulgaria provided a higher share of its ODA multilaterally in 2021. Gross bilateral ODA was 15.3% of total ODA. Bulgaria allocated 84.7% of total ODA as core contributions to multilateral organisations.
ODA for Ukraine and COVID-19
In 2022, Bulgaria provided USD 1.1 million of gross bilateral ODA to Ukraine to respond to the impacts of Russia’s war of aggression, all of which was humanitarian assistance (preliminary data).
Also in 2022, Bulgaria provided USD 20.8 million in ODA for the COVID-19 response as donations of excess doses of COVID-19 vaccines to developing countries.
ODA to and through the multilateral system
In 2021, Bulgaria provided USD 77.25 million of gross ODA to the multilateral system, a fall of 5 % in real terms from 2020. Of this, USD 77.2 million was core multilateral ODA, while non-core contributions were earmarked for a specific country, region, theme or purpose. All contributions were provided as core multilateral ODA.
Ninety-seven per cent of Bulgaria’s total contributions to multilateral organisations in 2021 was allocated to EU Institutions, the UN system, and the World Bank (in descending order).
The UN system received 2.3% of Bulgaria’s multilateral contributions, in the form of core contributions. Out of a total volume of USD 1.8 million to the UN system, the top three UN recipients of Bulgaria’s support (core and earmarked contributions) were the UN Secretariat (USD 0.7 million), unspecified UN recipients (USD 0.2 million) and FAO (USD 0.2 million).
See the section on Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA for the breakdown of bilateral allocations, including ODA earmarked through the multilateral development system. Learn more about multilateral development finance.
Bilateral ODA
In 2021, Bulgaria’s bilateral spending increased compared to the previous year. It provided USD 13.9 million of gross bilateral ODA (which includes earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations). This represented an increase of 42.4% in real terms from 2020.
In 2021, country programmable aid was 52.5% of Bulgaria’s gross bilateral ODA, compared to a non-DAC country average of 46.4% (excluding the EU institutions). In-donor refugee costs were USD 6.5 million in 2021, an increase of 26.8% in real terms over 2020, and represented 46.6% of Bulgaria’s gross bilateral ODA.
Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA
In 2021, Bulgaria’s bilateral ODA was primarily focused on Asia (excluding the Middle East). USD 3.5 million (25%) was allocated to Asia (excluding the Middle East) and USD 3.4 million (24.3%) to Europe. USD 0.4 million (2.9%) was allocated to the Middle East.
In 2021, 44.3% of gross bilateral ODA went to Bulgaria’s top 10 recipients. Its top 10 recipients are in the Asian and European regions. The share of gross bilateral ODA that was not allocated by country was 49.5%, with 94.1% of this unallocated bilateral ODA spent on refugees in the donor country.
In 2021, the least developed countries (LDCs) received 22.7% of Bulgaria’s gross bilateral ODA (USD 3.2 million). This is greater than the non-DAC country average of 13.7%. Bulgaria allocated the highest share of gross bilateral ODA (22.7%) to least developed countries in 2021, noting that 49.5% was unallocated by income group. Bulgaria allocated 20.8% of gross bilateral ODA to land-locked developing countries in 2021, equal to USD 2.9 million.
Fragile contexts
Support to fragile contexts reached USD 2.2 million in 2021, representing 15.8% of Bulgaria’s gross bilateral ODA.
Learn more about support to fragile contexts on the States of Fragility platform.
Institutional set-up
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs – specifically the Co-operation for Development Department of the Foreign Economic Relations and Co-operation for Development Directorate – leads and co-ordinates Bulgaria’s development co-operation activities. In co-operation with line ministries, it elaborates ODA policy and annual action plans and negotiates agreements with partner countries. In addition, the inter-institutional International Development Co-operation Council, a consultative body created in 2007, assists the Minister of Foreign Affairs in programming and promoting Bulgaria’s development co-operation.
Additional resources
Bulgaria’s Mid-term Programme 2020-2024: https://www.mfa.bg/upload/58061/Midterm%20Programme%202020-2024_EN.docx
Participant in the OECD Development Assistance Committee since 2018. Reporting to the OECD since 2010. Bulgaria reports at the aggregate level.
On 25 January 2022, the OECD Council decided to open accession discussions with Bulgaria as well as five other countries, taking into account the criteria of like-mindedness, significant player, mutual benefit and global considerations and recognising the progress made by these countries toward fulfilling the criteria outlined in the Framework for Consideration of Prospective Members.
The methodological notes provide further details on the definitions and statistical methodologies applied, including the grant-equivalent methodology, core and earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations, country programmable aid, channels of delivery, bilateral ODA unspecified/unallocated, bilateral allocable aid, the gender equality policy marker, and the environment markers.
Introduction
Liechtenstein’s development co-operation is geared towards the sustainable and comprehensive development of disadvantaged and marginalised regions of the world, especially rural and structurally weak regions in Africa, Latin America and Europe, in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, through long-term relationships based on trust, responsibility and reliability. Its development co-operation is primarily undertaken through the Liechtenstein Development Service (LED) – a publicly owned foundation established in 1965.
Activities are focused on improving education, fostering food security, and providing microfinance for poor and vulnerable populations in a small number of countries. Liechtenstein’s total official development assistance (ODA) (USD 33 million, preliminary data) increased in 2022. The increase was mainly due to an increase in its bilateral ODA to Ukraine as well as its multilateral ODA.
Policy
The focus of Liechtenstein’s development co-operation is on rural development/food security, intercultural bilingual education, vocational education and training, and microfinance. Human rights, social justice, gender equality, climate, and the protection of the environment and resources are important cross-cutting themes. The 2015 Strategy of the LED defines education and rural development (food security) as the key sectors of Liechtenstein’s development co-operation. Human rights, social justice, gender, climate, and the protection of the environment and resources are important horizontal themes. The service is currently involved in ten priority countries: the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Mali, Moldova, Mozambique, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Most co-operation is channelled bilaterally. The LED does not report disaggregated data to the OECD, but states on its website that around 90% of ODA is disbursed through project aid, with more than half going to least developed countries.
ODA allocation overview
Liechtenstein provided USD 33 million (preliminary data) of ODA in 2022 (USD 34.2 million in constant terms).3 This was an increase of 28.8% in real terms in volume from 2021. Total ODA on a grant-equivalent basis has the same value as net ODA under the cash-flow methodology used in the past, as Liechtenstein provides only grants.4
Liechtenstein provided almost all of its ODA bilaterally in 2021. Gross bilateral ODA was 94.7% of total ODA. Nine per cent of gross bilateral ODA was channelled through multilateral organisations (earmarked contributions). Liechtenstein allocated 5.3% of total ODA as core contributions to multilateral organisations.
ODA for Ukraine and COVID-19
In 2022, Liechtenstein provided USD 2.1 million of gross bilateral ODA to Ukraine to respond to the impacts of Russia’s war of aggression, of which USD 0.8 million was humanitarian assistance (preliminary data).
In 2022, Liechtenstein provided USD 0.3 million in ODA for the COVID-19 response.
ODA to and through the multilateral system
In 2021, Liechtenstein provided USD 3.6 million of gross ODA to the multilateral system, a fall of 63% in real terms from 2020. Of this, USD 1.4 million was core multilateral ODA with the remainder composed of programmatic funding (to pooled funds and specific-purpose programmes and funds). Regarding the impact of COVID-19 on ODA to and through the multilateral system, between 2018 and 2021, Liechtenstein’s annual core and non-core contributions to multilateral development organisations decreased by 51.6%, from USD 7.4 million to USD 3.6 million.
Sixty-nine per cent of Liechtenstein’s total contributions to multilateral organisations in 2021 was allocated to the UN system, multilateral institutions, and UN funds and programmes (in descending order).
The UN system received 69.4% of Liechtenstein’s multilateral contributions, predominantly in the form of earmarked contributions. Out of a total volume of USD 2.5 million to the UN system, the top three UN recipients of Liechtenstein’s support (core and earmarked contributions) were UNHCR (USD 0.4 million), WFP (USD 0.4 million) and UNICEF (USD 0.3 million).
See the section on Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA for the breakdown of bilateral allocations, including ODA earmarked through the multilateral development system. Learn more about multilateral development finance.
Bilateral ODA
In 2021, Liechtenstein’s bilateral spending increased compared to the previous year. It provided USD 25.1 million of gross bilateral ODA (which includes earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations). This represented an increase of 25.1% in real terms from 2020. In 2021, Liechtenstein focused the largest volumes of its bilateral ODA on reduced inequalities (SDG 10), zero hunger (SDG 2) and quality education (SDG 4).
In 2021, country programmable aid was 63.5% of Liechtenstein’s gross bilateral ODA, compared to a non-DAC country average of 46.4%. In-donor refugee costs were USD 1.5 million in 2021, similarly to 2020, and represented 6.2% of Liechtenstein’s gross ODA.
In 2021, Liechtenstein primarily channelled bilateral ODA through NGOs, public institutions and multilateral organisations, as earmarked funding. Technical co-operation made up 2.1% of gross ODA in 2021.
Civil society organisations
In 2021, civil society organisations (CSOs) received USD 20.0 million of gross bilateral ODA. Two per cent of gross bilateral ODA was allocated to CSOs as core contributions and 77.8% was channelled through CSOs to implement projects initiated by the donor (earmarked funding). Learn more about ODA allocations to and through CSOs, civil society engagement in development co-operation, and the DAC Recommendation on Enabling Civil Society in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Aid.
Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA
In 2021, Liechtenstein’s bilateral ODA was primarily focused on Africa. USD 10.0 million was allocated to Africa and USD 4.5 million to Europe, accounting respectively for 39.5% and 17.8% of gross bilateral ODA. USD 2.7 million (10.7%) was allocated to America. Asia was also the main regional recipient of Liechtenstein’s earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations
In 2021, 55.8% of gross bilateral ODA went to Liechtenstein’s top 10 recipients. Its top 10 recipients are in Africa, South America and Europe. The share of gross bilateral ODA that was not allocated by country was 32.5%, with 19% of this unallocated bilateral ODA spent on refugees in the donor country.
In 2021, the least developed countries (LDCs) received 34.6% of Liechtenstein’s gross bilateral ODA (USD 8.7 million). This is significantly higher than the non-DAC country average of 13.7%. Upper middle-income countries were allocated USD 5.1 million (20.3% of Liechtenstein’s gross bilateral ODA), followed by lower-middle income countries (USD 2.9 million or 11.5% of bilateral ODA). USD 8.2 million of Liechtenstein’s bilateral ODA was unallocated by income, accounting for 32.5%. Liechtenstein allocated 36.7% of gross bilateral ODA to land-locked developing countries in 2021, equal to USD 9.2 million.
Fragile contexts
Support to fragile contexts reached USD 9.0 million in 2021, representing 35.8% of Liechtenstein’s gross bilateral ODA. Twelve per cent of this ODA was provided in the form of humanitarian assistance, while 3.6% was allocated to peace.
Learn more about support to fragile contexts on the States of Fragility platform.
Sectors
In 2021, over a third of Liechtenstein’s bilateral ODA was allocated to social infrastructure and services. Investments in this area accounted for 39.5% of bilateral ODA commitments (USD 9.9 million), with a strong focus on support to education (USD 4.9 million), government and civil society (USD 3.5 million) and health (USD 0.8 million). ODA for economic infrastructure and services totalled USD 0.6 million, focusing on banking and financial services (USD 0.3 million) and energy (USD 0.3 million). Bilateral humanitarian assistance amounted to USD 3.0 million (12.1% of bilateral ODA). In 2021, earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations focused on government and civil society, emergency response and health.
Gender equality
In 2021, Liechtenstein committed 7.5% of its screened bilateral allocable aid to gender equality and women’s empowerment, as either a principal or significant objective (compared with the 2020-21 non-DAC average of 24.2%). This is equal to USD 1.7 million of bilateral ODA in support of gender equality. Liechtenstein screens the majority of activities against the DAC gender equality policy marker (97.1% in 2021). Learn more about ODA focused on gender equality, the DAC Network on Gender Equality and the DAC Recommendation on Ending Sexual Exploitation in Development Co-operation.
Environment
In 2021, Liechtenstein committed 3% of its total bilateral allocable aid (USD 0.7 million) in support of climate change overall (the non-DAC average was 5.7%). Liechtenstein had a lesser focus on mitigation (1.3%) than on adaptation (1.6%) in 2021. Learn more about climate-related development finance and the DAC Declaration on Aligning Development Co-operation with the Goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
Institutional set-up
LED is a private foundation of the government and the civil society of Liechtenstein. It provides ODA on behalf of the government. LED has a bottom-up approach and relies on the insights of its implementing partners and stakeholders. LED discusses the need and the appropriateness of the interventions with representatives of direct as well as final beneficiaries.
Additional resources
Liechtenstein Development Service: https://www.led.li/DE/Default.asp
The methodological notes provide further details on the definitions and statistical methodologies applied, including the grant-equivalent methodology, core and earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations, country programmable aid, channels of delivery, bilateral ODA unspecified/unallocated, bilateral allocable aid, the gender equality policy marker, and the environment markers.
Introduction
Malta’s development co-operation is a cornerstone of its external relations. It is driven by the primary objective of eradicating poverty and promoting sustainable development in developing countries. Its official development assistance (ODA) policy is governed by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs and Trade, and is implemented in collaboration with various partners. The majority of Malta’s ODA is channelled through bilateral relations and is primarily focused on Africa. Malta’s total ODA (USD 55.2 million, preliminary data) decreased in 2022, representing 0.34% of gross national income (GNI). This was mostly due to increases in both its bilateral and multilateral ODA.
Find the methodological notes behind the profile here.
Policy
Malta’s development co-operation is in line with the 2006 Strategic Objective 18 of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs and Trade, which is further defined in the 2013 Guiding Principles of Malta's Foreign Policy. Since it’s accession to the European Union (EU) in 2004, Malta has closely aligned with EU commitments and priorities, most notably the European Consensus on Development. Malta’s 2021 Official Development and Humanitarian Assistance Policy outlines its implementation plan in partnership with multilateral organisations, non-governmental organisations, civil society organisations, the private sector and academic institutions. It identifies three overarching goals, including reducing poverty and social inequality; equal rights for women and girls; and inclusive, equitable quality education and capacity building. Malta and Africa: A Strategy for Partnership 2020-2025 identifies Africa as a priority region for Malta’s development co-operation. Malta provides the majority of its ODA bilaterally.
ODA allocation overview
Malta provided USD 46.1 million (preliminary data) of ODA in 2022 (USD 47.7 million in constant terms), representing 0.28% of GNI.5 This was a decrease of 8.6% in real terms in volume and a decrease in share of GNI from 2021. Despite the decrease in 2021, ODA volume has mainly increased over the past ten years. Malta is not in line with its European level commitment of 0.33% ODA/GNI and collective commitment of 0.7% ODA/GNI ratio by 2030. Total ODA on a grant-equivalent basis has the same value as net ODA under the cash-flow methodology used in the past, as Malta provides only grants.6
Malta provided a higher share of its ODA bilaterally in 2021. Gross bilateral ODA was 93.2% of total ODA. Five per cent of gross bilateral ODA was channelled through multilateral organisations (earmarked contributions). Malta allocated 6.8% of total ODA as core contributions to multilateral organisations.
ODA for Ukraine and COVID-19
In 2022, Malta provided USD 0.1 million of gross bilateral ODA to Ukraine to respond to the impacts of Russia’s war of aggression, all of which was humanitarian assistance (preliminary data).
In 2022, Malta provided USD 1.5 million in ODA for the COVID-19 response. Regarding COVID-19 vaccines, Malta provided USD 1.4 million in ODA for donations of doses to developing countries.
ODA to and through the multilateral system
In 2021, Malta provided USD 6.0 million of gross ODA to the multilateral system, a fall of 10.1% in real terms from 2020. Of this, USD 3.6 million was core multilateral ODA, while non-core contributions were earmarked for a specific country, region, theme or purpose. 100% of Malta’s non-core contributions were programmatic funding (to pooled funds and specific-purpose programmes and funds) while project-type funding earmarked for a specific theme and/or country did not account for any of Malta’s non-core contributions.
Fifty-two per cent of Malta’s total contributions to multilateral organisations in 2021 was allocated to the EU Institutions, the UN system, and the World Bank (in descending order).
The UN system received 19.7% of Malta’s multilateral contributions, mainly in the form of earmarked contributions. Out of a total volume of USD 1.2 million to the UN system, the top three UN recipients of Malta’s support (core and earmarked contributions) were UN Secretariat (USD 0.3 million), IAEA-TCF (USD 0.1 million) and UNRWA (USD 0.1 million).
See the section on Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA for the breakdown of bilateral allocations, including ODA earmarked through the multilateral development system. Learn more about multilateral development finance.
Bilateral ODA
In 2021, Malta’s bilateral spending declined compared to the previous year. It provided USD 48.7 million of gross bilateral ODA (which includes earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations). This represented a decrease of 3% in real terms from 2020. In 2021, Malta focused most of its bilateral ODA on SDG 16 of the UN 2030 Agenda, Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
In 2021, country programmable aid was 14.5% of Malta’s gross bilateral ODA, compared to a non-DAC country average of 46.4%. In-donor refugee costs were USD 39.9 million in 2021, a decrease of 4.3% in real terms over 2020, and represented 82.1% of Malta’s gross bilateral ODA.
In 2021, Malta channelled bilateral ODA mainly through the public sector.
Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA
In 2021, Malta’s bilateral ODA was primarily focused on Africa. USD 6.1 million was allocated to Africa and USD 1.1 million to the Middle East, accounting respectively for 12.6% and 2.3% of gross bilateral ODA. USD 0.2 million (0.4%) was allocated to Asia (excluding the Middle East) and the Middle East. Africa was also the main regional recipient of Malta’s earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations
In 2021, 14.6% of gross bilateral ODA went to Malta’s top 10 recipients. Its top 10 recipients are mainly in the Middle East and Africa which is in line with its focus on its immediate neighbourhood and policy priorities. The share of gross bilateral ODA that was not allocated by country was 84.6%, with 97.1% of this unallocated bilateral ODA spent on refugees in the donor country.
In 2021, the least developed countries (LDCs) received 4.3% of Malta’s gross bilateral ODA (USD 2.1 million). This is lower than the non-DAC country average of 13.7%. Malta allocated the highest share of gross bilateral ODA (6.3%) to upper middle-income countries in 2021, noting that 84.6% was unallocated by income group. Malta allocated 1.7% of gross bilateral ODA to land-locked developing countries in 2021, equal to USD 0.8 million. Malta allocated 0.1% of gross bilateral ODA to small island developing states (SIDS) in 2021, equal to USD 0.1 million.
Fragile contexts
Support to fragile contexts reached USD 5.2 million in 2021, representing 10.7% of Malta’s gross bilateral ODA. Five per cent of this ODA was provided in the form of humanitarian assistance, which is the same as in 2020, while 50.4% was allocated to peace, same as in 2020. Thirty-two per cent went to conflict prevention, a subset of contributions to peace, which is similar to 2020.
Learn more about support to fragile contexts on the States of Fragility platform.
In 2021, less than half of Malta’s bilateral ODA was allocated to social infrastructure and services. Investments in this area accounted for 15% of bilateral ODA commitments (USD 7.2 million). Bilateral humanitarian assistance amounted to USD 0.5 million. The majority of Malta’s bilateral ODA (USD 40.4 million) was allocated to other sectors.
Institutional set-up
ODA falls within the remit of the Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs and Trade. The ministry administers Malta’s 2021 Implementation Plan for Development Co-operation, in close collaboration with local non-governmental development organisations.
Additional resources
Maltese Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs and Trade: https://foreignandeu.gov.mt
Reporting to the OECD since 2009, and reporting activity-level data since 2022, on 2021 data.
The methodological notes provide further details on the definitions and statistical methodologies applied, including the grant-equivalent methodology, core and earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations, country programmable aid, channels of delivery, bilateral ODA unspecified/unallocated, bilateral allocable aid, the gender equality policy marker, and the environment markers.
Introduction
The overarching goal of Chinese Taipei’s development co-operation, as enshrined in the 2016 vision statement “steadfast diplomacy” and “mutual assistance for mutual benefits”, is to promote international co-operation to advance “progress, development and humanity”. Chinese Taipei’s development co-operation is distributed both through bilateral and multilateral channels. Its total official development assistance (ODA) (USD 383.6 million, preliminary data) increased in 2022, representing 0.05% of gross national income (GNI).
Find the methodological notes behind the profile here.
Policy
Chinese Taipei’s co-operation goals and areas include: facilitating social and economic development in partner countries; strengthening economic ties with partner countries; co-operation with international organisations; providing humanitarian assistance to international refugees or countries afflicted by natural disasters; providing technical and human resources training and technical assistance or services to foster industrial capacity; and other initiatives designed to bolster international development co-operation. It also includes operating overseas missions to develop agricultural, industrial, information and communication technology; environmental protection; disaster prevention; and economic, medical and education sectors in partner countries. Priority sectors for Chinese Taipei’s development co-operation programmes include public health and medicine, small and medium-sized enterprises, the environment, agriculture, education, and information and communication technology.
ODA allocation overview
Chinese Taipei provided USD 383.6 million (preliminary data) of ODA in 2022 (USD 397.1 million in constant terms), representing 0.05% of GNI.7 This was an increase of 23.7% in real terms in volume and an increase in the share of GNI from 2021. Chinese Taipei’s ODA has remained stable over the past decade, having seen a peak in 2020, which subsequently decreased to increase again in 2022.
Chinese Taipei provided roughly an equal share of its ODA bilaterally and multilaterally in 2021. Gross bilateral ODA was 46.3% of total ODA. Seventeen per cent of gross bilateral ODA was channelled through multilateral organisations (earmarked contributions). Chinese Taipei allocated 44.2% of total ODA as core contributions to multilateral organisations.
ODA for Ukraine and COVID-19
In 2022, Chinese Taipei estimates that it provided USD 5.11 million of gross bilateral ODA to Ukraine to respond to the impacts of Russia’s war of aggression, of which USD 0.61 million is estimated to be humanitarian assistance.
In 2022, Chinese Taipei estimates that it provided USD 21.85 million in ODA for the COVID-19 response. In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, Chinese Taipei has stepped up its health-related development co-operation, sharing technical expertise on pandemic management and prevention, as well as donating face masks and medical devices to partners across the globe.
ODA to and through the multilateral system
In 2021, Chinese Taipei provided USD 186.1 million of gross ODA to the multilateral system, a fall of 44.1% in real terms from 2020. Of this, USD 153.1 million was core multilateral ODA, while non-core contributions were earmarked for a specific country, region, theme or purpose. One hundred per cent of such contributions was programmatic funding (to pooled funds and specific-purpose programmes and funds).
See the section on Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA for the breakdown of bilateral allocations, including ODA earmarked through the multilateral development system. Learn more about multilateral development finance.
Bilateral ODA
In 2021, Chinese Taipei’s bilateral spending declined compared to the previous year. It provided USD 193.2 million of gross bilateral ODA (which includes earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations). This represented a decrease of 14.9% in real terms from 2020.
In 2021, country programmable aid was 1.6% of Chinese Taipei’s gross bilateral ODA, compared to a non-DAC country average of 46.4%.
In 2021, Chinese Taipei channelled bilateral ODA mainly through the public sector, followed by multilateral organisations, as earmarked funding.
Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA
In 2021, Chinese Taipei’s bilateral ODA was primarily focused on the Americas and on Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS). USD 3 million was allocated to the Americas, accounting for 1.6% gross bilateral ODA.
Institutional set-up
The government of Chinese Taipei adopted the International Co-operation and Development Act in June 2010 and has since adopted six related regulations. Under this act, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other government institutions are authorised to give priority to commissioning the International Cooperation and Development Fund (TaiwanICDF) and other legal entities and professionals are authorised to conduct international co-operation and development affairs.
As the main implementing institution for development co-operation, TaiwanICDF implements projects in partner countries and offers educational training programmes and student fellowship programmes. It partners with 32 countries across Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. Currently, TaiwanICDF has 21 technical missions in 20 countries.
In 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs established the Official Development Assistance (ODA) Database, which collates information on international co-operation and development from relevant government agencies. In 2023, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs updated the ODA database in line with the latest CRS++ system. The database is regularly updated and serves as a source of information for the International Co-operation and Development Annual Report, which is published on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ website.
Additional resources
Chinese Taipei Ministry of Foreign Affairs: https://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/default.html
International Cooperation and Development Fund (TaiwanICDF): https://www.icdf.org.tw/wSite/mp?mp=2
Chinese Taipei has been reporting to the OECD since 1988 for the period 1988-98 and from 2004 to date. It reports at the aggregate level.
The methodological notes provide further details on the definitions and statistical methodologies applied, including the grant-equivalent methodology, core and earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations, country programmable aid, channels of delivery, bilateral ODA unspecified/unallocated, bilateral allocable aid, the gender equality policy marker, and the environment markers.
Introduction
Thailand has a long history of engaging in development co-operation, focusing on technical co-operation and training with its regional neighbours in the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) region, and also engaging in triangular co-operation with OECD countries. Thailand conducts its development co-operation through the Thailand International Co-operation Agency (TICA), under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Neighbouring Countries Economic Development Cooperation Agency (NEDA), under the Ministry of Finance.
Find the methodological notes behind the profile here.
Policy
Thailand’s current development co-operation priorities are based on the 13th National Economic and Social Development Plan 2023-2027, which aims to transform Thailand in five key areas: 1) narrowing income disparities and poverty reduction through innovation; 2) creating a knowledge-based economy and value-added development; 3) human resource development to meet demand in a digital economy; 4) environmental conservation to deal with climate change; and 5) advanced preparations to deal with changing global economic and social environments and the 20-year Foreign Affairs Masterplan, with its 5 key strategic priorities: security, sustainability, standard, status and synergy.
Thailand delivers its development co-operation mainly through TICA. TICA was established in 2004 and focuses on ensuring human security in four aspects: 1) health security; 2) job security; 3) food security; and 4) energy and the environment security. Thailand also promotes a more balanced, inclusive and sustainable growth by embracing the Bio-Circular-Green economy model to complement the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy as Thailand’s development approach.
Thailand engages in various forms of development co-operation, such as development projects, human resource development (training courses, post-graduate scholarships and study visits), as well as programmes to dispatch Thai experts and volunteers. Priority themes include Sufficiency Economy Philosophy, public health, agriculture and food security, climate change, Bio-Circular-Green Economic Model and other topics related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In addition, NEDA, under the Ministry of Finance, provides concessional loans mostly to transport and storage projects. Just over half of Thailand’s development assistance is channelled through multilateral co-operation as core contributions. The remainder is provided through bilateral channels and triangular co-operation arrangements.
ODA allocation overview
Thailand provided USD 69.8 million of ODA in 2021, representing 0.01% of gross national income (GNI). Thailand provided USD 70.9 million (preliminary data) of ODA in 2022 (USD 73.4 million in constant terms), representing 0.01% of GNI.8 Thailand’s ODA has been stable in recent years with a peak in 2019.
Thailand provided most of its ODA bilaterally in 2021. Gross bilateral ODA was 85.3% of total ODA. Eight per cent of gross bilateral ODA was channelled mainly through multilateral organisations (earmarked contributions). Thailand allocated 14.7% of total ODA as core contributions to multilateral organisations.
ODA to and through the multilateral system
In 2021, Thailand provided USD 17.9 million of gross ODA to the multilateral system, an increase of 0.9% in real terms from 2020. Of this, USD 12.4 million was core multilateral ODA, while non-core contributions were earmarked for a specific country, region, theme or purpose. One hundred per cent was programmatic funding (to pooled funds and specific-purpose programmes and funds).
Forty per cent of Thailand’s total contributions to multilateral organisations in 2021 was allocated to other UN entities, UN funds and programmes, and the World Bank (in descending order).
The UN system received 33.4% of Thailand’s multilateral contributions, mainly in the form of earmarked contributions. Out of a total volume of USD 6.0 million to the UN system, the top three UN recipients of Thailand’s support (core and earmarked contributions) were FAO (USD 1.5 million), UNDP (USD 1.3 million) and WHO-Assessed (USD 1.0 million).
See the section on Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA for the breakdown of bilateral allocations, including ODA earmarked through the multilateral development system. Learn more about multilateral development finance.
Bilateral ODA
In 2021, Thailand’s bilateral spending increased compared to the previous year. It provided USD 72.1 million of gross bilateral ODA (which includes earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations). This represented an increase of 23.9% in real terms from 2020. In 2021, Thailand focused most of its bilateral ODA on SDG 8 (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all), SDG 9 (Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation) and SDG 11 (Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable).
In 2021, country programmable aid was 96.9% of Thailand’s gross bilateral ODA, compared to a non-DAC country average of 46.4%.
In 2021, Thailand channelled bilateral ODA through the public sector (49.7%), to multilateral organisations (7.6%), to PPPs and the private sector (0.8%) and to NGOs (41.5%).
Geographic and sectoral focus of ODA
In 2021, Thailand’s bilateral ODA was primarily focused on Asia (excluding the Middle East). USD 69.9 million was allocated to Asia (excluding the Middle East) and USD 0.5 million to Africa, accounting respectively for 96.8% and 0.7% of gross bilateral ODA. USD 0.1 million (0.1%) was allocated to Latin America and the Caribbean. Bilateral allocations to sub-Saharan Africa were targeted at almost all countries in the region.
In 2021, 90% of gross bilateral ODA went to Thailand’s top 10 recipients. Its top 10 recipients are in the Asia-Pacific region, where Thailand has programmes with 25 countries, in line with its focus on its immediate neighbourhood and its policy priorities. The share of gross bilateral ODA that was not allocated by country was 8.7%.
In 2021, the least developed countries (LDCs) received 87.9% of Thailand’s gross bilateral ODA (USD 63.3 million). This is greater than the non-DAC country average of 13.7%. Thailand allocated the highest share of gross bilateral ODA (87.8%) to least developed countries in 2021, noting that 8.7% was unallocated by income group. Within bilateral ODA that was unallocated, Thailand estimates that 93% was directed to the LDCs. Thailand allocated 70.2% of gross bilateral ODA to land-locked developing countries in 2021, equal to USD 50.6 million.
Fragile contexts
Support to fragile contexts reached USD 62.7 million in 2021, representing 87.0% of Thailand’s gross bilateral ODA.
Learn more about support to fragile contexts on the States of Fragility platform.
Sectors
In 2021, less than half of Thailand’s bilateral ODA was allocated to economic infrastructure and services. Investments in this area accounted for 12.9% of bilateral ODA commitments (USD 5.8 million, focusing on transport and storage (USD 5.7 million). ODA for social infrastructure and services totalled 1.2% of bilateral ODA commitments (USD 0.5 million), with a focus on support to other social infrastructure (USD 0.3 million), health (USD 0.2 million) and government and civil society (USD 0.1 million). Bilateral humanitarian assistance amounted to USD 0.2 million (0.5% of bilateral ODA). In 2021, earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations focused on agriculture, forestry and fishing, other social infrastructure and transport and storage.
Institutional set-up
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for Thailand’s bilateral and multilateral development co-operation policies. Its Department of International Organisations also contributes to international organisations, such as the United Nations and the Asian Development Bank.
Thailand’s main implementing bodies of development co-operation are TICA under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and NEDA under the Ministry of Finance. TICA is in charge of technical co-operation with countries worldwide, whereas NEDA covers financial and technical co-operation aspects at a regional level.
Furthermore, seventeen line ministries (including education, health and transport) provide grants for bilateral projects and contribute to some multilateral organisations. The Export-Import Bank, under the Minister of Finance, offers concessional loans to developing countries, which are linked to the provision of goods and services from Thai companies.
Additional resources
Thailand International Development Cooperation Agency (TICA): https://tica-thaigov.mfa.go.th/en
OECD (2022), “Development co-operation systems in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam”, OECD, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/dac/2022-south-east-asian-dev-coop-providers.pdf?utm_source=email-outreach&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=seadevproviders&utm_content=en&utm_term=dcd
Reporting to the OECD since 1988 for the period 1988-98 and since 2006 to date.
The methodological notes provide further details on the definitions and statistical methodologies applied, including the grant-equivalent methodology, core and earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations, country programmable aid, channels of delivery, bilateral ODA unspecified/unallocated, bilateral allocable aid, the gender equality policy marker, and the environment markers.
Notes
← 1. DAC members adopted the grant-equivalent methodology starting from their reporting of 2019 data as a more accurate way to count the donor effort in development loans. See the methodological notes for further details.
← 2. Non-grants include sovereign loans, multilateral loans, equity investment and loans to the private sector.
← 3. DAC members adopted the grant-equivalent methodology starting from their reporting of 2019 data as a more accurate way to count the donor effort in development loans. See the methodological notes for further details.
← 4. Non-grants include sovereign loans, multilateral loans, equity investment and loans to the private sector.
← 5. DAC members adopted the grant-equivalent methodology starting from their reporting of 2019 data as a more accurate way to count the donor effort in development loans. See the methodological notes for further details.
← 6. Non-grants include sovereign loans, multilateral loans, equity investment and loans to the private sector.
← 7. DAC members adopted the grant-equivalent methodology starting from their reporting of 2019 data as a more accurate way to count the donor effort in development loans. See the methodological notes for further details.
← 8. DAC members adopted the grant-equivalent methodology starting from their reporting of 2019 data as a more accurate way to count the donor effort in development loans. See the methodological notes for further details.